If the #image selector is included the in the supplied data, the preview itself is not rendering. This is likely due to an issue with scripts/screenshot.js.

I'm not able to reproduce this in my machine, so is likely due a memory issue in the prod server. This is yet to be confirmed.

This doesn't affect the site though. Even if the user selects the image and saves the site, the image will show up on the site. Only the editor preview doesn't render.