Add projective space and charts in the manifold catalog.

See #31249.

CC: @tscrim @trevorkarn @mjungmath

Component: manifolds

Keywords: projective, catalog

Author: Trevor K. Karn

Branch: 51f9419

Reviewer: Travis Scrimshaw, Eric Gourgoulhon

Issue created by migration from https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/33221