GH Actions (docker): Run a job for "make build-local" first, cache image for job "make build" #33062
Description
Follow up from #32703, where this was implemented for macOS.
Here we implement it for the docker-based workflows
via incremental builds (#34228) on top of previous stages pushed to ghcr.io
Depends on #34115
Depends on #34228
CC: @tobiasdiez @dimpase
Component: porting
Author: Matthias Koeppe
Branch/Commit: 5713937
Reviewer: Dima Pasechnik
Issue created by migration from https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/33062