sagemath-standard: Add missing dependency typing_extensions, set lower bounds for backport packages #34831
Description
Used in src/sage/dynamics/arithmetic_dynamics/projective_ds.py.
We also set lower version bounds for backport packages importlib_resources, importlib_metadata, typing_extensions so that Sage developers can use Python 3.11 features.
CC: @kwankyu @EnderWannabe @tobiasdiez
Component: build
Author: Matthias Koeppe
Issue created by migration from https://trac.sagemath.org/ticket/34831