5fac1f3 bench: Added base58 encoding/decoding benchmarks (Yuri Zhykin)

5fac1f3 bench: Added base58 encoding/decoding benchmarks (Yuri Zhykin)

5fac1f3 bench: Added base58 encoding/decoding benchmarks (Yuri Zhykin)

Micro-benchmarking framework part 1

Cherry-picked from the following upstream PRs:

- bitcoin/bitcoin#6733
- bitcoin/bitcoin#6770
- bitcoin/bitcoin#6892
  - Excluding changes to `src/policy/policy.h` which we don't have yet.
- bitcoin/bitcoin#7934
  - Just the benchmark, not the performance improvements.
- bitcoin/bitcoin#8039
- bitcoin/bitcoin#8107
- bitcoin/bitcoin#8115
- bitcoin/bitcoin#8914
  - Required resolving several merge conflicts in code that had been refactored upstream. The changes were simple enough that I decided it was okay to impose merge conflicts on pulling in those refactors later.
- bitcoin/bitcoin#9200
- bitcoin/bitcoin#9202
  - Adds support for measuring CPU cycles, which is later removed in an upstream PR after the refactor. I am including it to reduce future merge conflicts.
- bitcoin/bitcoin#9281
  - Only changes to `src/bench/bench.cpp`
- bitcoin/bitcoin#9498
- bitcoin/bitcoin#9712
- bitcoin/bitcoin#9547
- bitcoin/bitcoin#9505
  - Just the benchmark, not the performance improvements.
- bitcoin/bitcoin#9792
  - Just the benchmark, not the performance improvements.
- bitcoin/bitcoin#10272
- bitcoin/bitcoin#10395
  - Only changes to `src/bench/`
- bitcoin/bitcoin#10735
  - Only changes to `src/bench/base58.cpp`
- bitcoin/bitcoin#10963
- bitcoin/bitcoin#11303
  - Only the benchmark backend change.
- bitcoin/bitcoin#11562
- bitcoin/bitcoin#11646
- bitcoin/bitcoin#11654

This pulls in all changes to the micro-benchmark framework prior to December 2017, when it was rewritten. The rewrite depends on other upstream PRs we have not pulled in yet.

This does not pull in all benchmarks prior to December 2017. It leaves out benchmarks that either test code we do not have yet (except for the `FastRandomContext` refactor, which I decided to pull in), or would require rewrites to work with our changes to the codebase.

3f3edde [Bench] Use PIVX address in Base58Decode test (random-zebra)
5a1be90 [Travis] Disable benchmark framework for trusty test (random-zebra)
1bd89ac Initialize recently introduced non-static class member lastCycles to zero in constructor (random-zebra)
ec60671 Require a steady clock for bench with at least micro precision (random-zebra)
84069ce bench: prefer a steady clock if the resolution is no worse (random-zebra)
38367b1 bench: switch to std::chrono for time measurements (random-zebra)
a24633a Remove countMaskInv caching in bench framework (random-zebra)
9e9bc22 Restore default format state of cout after printing with std::fixed/setprecision (random-zebra)
3dd559d Avoid static analyzer warnings regarding uninitialized arguments (random-zebra)
e85f224 Replace boost::function with std::function (C++11) (random-zebra)
98c0857 Prevent warning: variable 'x' is uninitialized (random-zebra)
7f0d4b3 FastRandom benchmark (random-zebra)
d9fa0c6 Add prevector destructor benchmark (random-zebra)
e1527ba Assert that what might look like a possible division by zero is actually unreachable (random-zebra)
e94cf15 bench: Fix initialization order in registration (random-zebra)
151c25f Basic CCheckQueue Benchmarks (random-zebra)
51aedbc Use std:thread:hardware_concurrency, instead of Boost, to determine available cores (random-zebra)
d447613 Use real number of cores for default -par, ignore virtual cores (random-zebra)
9162a56 [Refactoring] Removed using namespace <xxx> from bench/ sources (random-zebra)
5c07f67 bench: Add support for measuring CPU cycles (random-zebra)
41ce1ed bench: Fix subtle counting issue when rescaling iteration count (random-zebra)
68ea794 Avoid integer division in the benchmark inner-most loop. (random-zebra)
3fa4f27 bench: Added base58 encoding/decoding benchmarks (random-zebra)
4442118 bench: Add crypto hash benchmarks (random-zebra)
a5179b6 [Trivial] ensure minimal header conventions (random-zebra)
8607d6b Support very-fast-running benchmarks (random-zebra)
4aebb60 Simple benchmarking framework (random-zebra)

Pull request description:

  Introduces the benchmarking framework, loosely based on google's micro-benchmarking library (https://github.com/google/benchmark), ported from Bitcoin, up to 0.16.
  The benchmark framework is hard-coded to run each benchmark for one wall-clock second,
  and then spits out .csv-format timing information to stdout.

  Backported PR:
  - bitcoin#6733
  - bitcoin#6770
  - bitcoin#6892
  - bitcoin#8039
  - bitcoin#8107
  - bitcoin#8115
  - bitcoin#9200
  - bitcoin#9202
  - bitcoin#9281
  - bitcoin#6361
  - bitcoin#10271
  - bitcoin#9498
  - bitcoin#9712
  - bitcoin#9547
  - bitcoin#9505 (benchmark only. Rest was in #1557)
  - bitcoin#9792 (benchmark only. Rest was in #643)
  - bitcoin#10272
  - bitcoin#10395 (base58 only)
  - bitcoin#10963
  - bitcoin#11303 (first commit)
  - bitcoin#11562
  - bitcoin#11646
  - bitcoin#11654

  Current output of `src/bench/bench_pivx`:
  ```
  #Benchmark,count,min(ns),max(ns),average(ns),min_cycles,max_cycles,average_cycles
  Base58CheckEncode,131072,7697,8065,7785,20015,20971,20242
  Base58Decode,294912,3305,3537,3454,8595,9198,8981
  Base58Encode,180224,5498,6020,5767,14297,15652,14994
  CCheckQueueSpeed,320,3159960,3535173,3352787,8216030,9191602,8717388
  CCheckQueueSpeedPrevectorJob,96,9184484,11410840,10823070,23880046,29668680,28140445
  FastRandom_1bit,320,3143690,4838162,3199156,8173726,12579373,8317941
  FastRandom_32bit,60,17097612,17923669,17367440,44454504,46602306,45156079
  PrevectorClear,3072,334741,366618,346731,870340,953224,901516
  PrevectorDestructor,2816,344233,368912,357281,895022,959187,928948
  RIPEMD160,288,3404503,3693917,3577774,8851850,9604334,9302363
  SHA1,384,2718128,2891558,2802513,7067238,7518184,7286652
  SHA256,176,6133760,6580005,6239866,15948035,17108376,16223916
  SHA512,240,4251468,4358706,4313463,11054006,11332826,11215186
  Sleep100ms,10,100221470,100302411,100239073,260580075,260790726,260625870
  ```

  NOTE: Not all the tests have been pulled yet (as we might not have the code being tested, or it  would require rewrites to work with our different code base), but the framework is updated to December 2017.

ACKs for top commit:
  Fuzzbawls:
    ACK 3f3edde

Tree-SHA512: c283311a9accf6d2feeb93b185afa08589ebef3f18b6e86980dbc3647b9845f75ac9ecce2f1b08738d25ceac36596a2c89d41e4dbf3b463502aa695611aa1f8e