Hi!

I test Profile-Guided Optimization (PGO) on different kinds of software - the current results are available here (with a lot of other PGO-related information). Since PGO helps with achieving better performance with many compilers (like Rustc, GCC, Clang, etc.) I think trying to optimize Sage with PGO can be a good idea. I did some benchmarks and want to share my results.

Test environment

• Fedora 39
• Linux kernel 6.6.9
• AMD Ryzen 9 5900x
• 48 Gib RAM
• SSD Samsung 980 Pro 2 Tib
• Compiler - Rustc 1.75
• Sage version: the latest for now from the main branch on commit 72b536f61ebb6332c57cf57fab9fe53b1e878c1d
• Disabled Turbo boost (for more stable results across runs)

Benchmarks

As a benchmark, I use built-in benchmarks with cargo bench command. For the PGO optimization phase, I use cargo-pgo with cargo pgo optimize bench. For the PGO training phase, I use the same benchmark with cargo pgo bench.

Results

I got the following results:

• Release: https://gist.github.com/zamazan4ik/09666344f7cb0ee92a69d4a14a8b50e6
• PGO-optimized compared to Release: https://gist.github.com/zamazan4ik/2adb489319886015c98e393cac5e2e57
• (just for reference) PGO-instrumented compared to Release: https://gist.github.com/zamazan4ik/ae10d0fa65fb4be599876735b7ef15a6

According to the tests, PGO makes things faster in Sage.

I need to note that enabling Link-Time Optimization (LTO) is generally a good idea too - this optimization works well together with PGO. I even performed some benchmarks where I compared LTO to Release: https://gist.github.com/zamazan4ik/6be63330d2c97b510fdfc6b7aa7988c5 . However, in some cases, there are performance regressions - that need to be investigated. LTO was enabled with codegen-units = 1 and lto = "fat" for the corresponding profiles in Cargo.toml file.

Further steps

I can suggest the following action points:

• Perform more PGO benchmarks on Sage. If it shows improvements - add a note to the documentation about possible improvements in Sage performance with PGO.
• Providing an easier way (e.g. a build option) to build scripts with PGO can be helpful for the end-users and maintainers since they will be able to optimize Sage according to their workloads.

Testing Post-Link Optimization techniques (like LLVM BOLT) would be interesting too (Clang and Rustc already use BOLT as an addition to PGO) but I recommend starting from the usual PGO.

Here are some examples of how PGO optimization is integrated into other projects:

• Rustc: a CI script for the multi-stage build
• GCC:
  • Official docs, section "Building with profile feedback" (even AutoFDO build is supported)
  • A part in a "wonderful" configure script
• Clang: Docs
• Python:
  • CPython: README
  • Pyston: README
• Go: Bash script
• V8: Bazel flag
• ChakraCore: Scripts
• Chromium: Script
• Firefox: Docs
  • Thunderbird has PGO support too
• PHP - Makefile command and old Centminmod scripts
• MySQL: CMake script
• YugabyteDB: GitHub commit
• FoundationDB: Script
• Zstd: Makefile
• Foot: Scripts
• Windows Terminal: GitHub PR
• Pydantic-core: GitHub PR
• file.d: GitHub PR
• OceanBase: CMake flag

Please treat the issue just as a benchmark report - it's not an actual error, crash, or something like that. I don't know how much you care about performance in Sage so I don't know how important these improvements are for the project. I hope we can use these benchmarks at least as an additional data point about PGO efficiency for compilers.