Fixes #33295.

This follows a similar pattern as in #20314 by requiring an explicit
`parent` parameter. Where possible, it uses the appopriate variable at
the call sites.

In several locations there is no context available though (e.g.
inspecting `valueDeclarations`) and we access `.parent` as the code
previously did. From a cursory inspection this seems correct, these
callpaths originate in phases where there must be a `parent` (i.e. in
checker, binder, etc).

Change-Id: I28e4726777b57237bec776e4001e9e69ac591b11

Handle parentless nodes in isParameterPropertyDeclaration

Component commits:
4ae62c3 getConstraintDeclaration gets the first declaration with a constraint, rather than just the first declaration

b1ad54b Add type annotation

2232f5e Update comment

Port #32947 to `release-3.6`

🤖 Cherry-pick PR #33426 into release-3.6